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structure of
sodium chloride, NaCl, a typical ionic compound. The purple spheres are sodium
cations, Na+, and the green spheres are
chloride anions, Cl−.In
chemistry, an
ionic compound is a
chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by
ionic bonds. The positively charged ion is usually a metal ion and the negatively charged ion is non-metallic element or molecule.
Ions can be single atoms, as in common table salt sodium chloride, or more complex groups such as
calcium carbonate. But to be considered an ion, they must carry a positive or negative charge. Thus, in an ionic bond, one 'bonder' must have a positive charge and the other a negative one. By sticking to each other, they resolve, or partially resolve, their separate charge imbalances. Positive to positive and negative to negative ionic bonds do not occur. (For a real world analogy, experiment with a pair of bar magnets.)
Chemical compounds are rarely strictly ionic or strictly covalent. Except for the most electronegative/electropositive pairs such as cesium fluoride, ionic compounds usually exhibit a degree of covalency. Similarly,
covalent bond often exhibit charge separations. See also HSAB theory.
Physical properties of ionic and molecular compounds:{| class="wikitable"|-!! Ionic compounds! Molecular compounds|-| States (at RTP)| Solid| Can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature|-| Electrical conductivity| Solid: no
Molten: yes| No|-| Boiling point| High| Low|-| Solubility in water| Often high| Variable; usually lower than ionic|-| Thermal conductivity| Low| Low|}
Characteristics
Ionic compounds have strong
electrostatic bonds between particles. As a result, they generally have high melting and boiling points. They have good electrical conductivity when molten or in aqueous solution. While ionic inorganic compounds are solids at room temperature and will usually form crystals, organic
ionic liquids are increasingly of interest.
Solubility
Following the aphorism, "like dissolves like", ionic compounds dissolve in
polar solvents, especially those which ionize, such as water and
ionic liquids. They are usually appreciably soluble in other polar solvents such as alcohols,
acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide as well. Ionic compounds tend not to dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as
diethyl ether or petrol.
When an ionic compound is named, the cation is named first and then the anion. When an elemental anion is named, the suffix, -ide, is added to the name of the element. There are two common types of cations: Type I and Type II. Type I cations have only one charge and their name is simply listed when the compound is named. Type II cations have more than one charge and when the ionic compound is named, a Roman numeral is used to denote the charge of the cation.In addition, there are common polyatomic anions which do not have suffixes in their name such as hypochlorite (ClO–).
Nomenclature
According to the IUPAC, an ionic compound's common name is written using two words. The name of the cation comes first with the oxidation number written in parenthesis, followed by the name of the anion. For example, Fe2(SO4)3 is named as Iron(III) Sulfate.
structure of sodium chloride, NaCl, a typical ionic compound. The purple spheres are sodium cations, Na+, and the green spheres are
chloride anions, Cl−.In chemistry, an
ionic compound is a chemical compound in which
ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. The positively charged ion is usually a metal ion and the negatively charged ion is non-metallic element or molecule.
Ions can be single atoms, as in common table salt sodium chloride, or more complex groups such as
calcium carbonate. But to be considered an ion, they must carry a positive or negative charge. Thus, in an ionic bond, one 'bonder' must have a positive charge and the other a negative one. By sticking to each other, they resolve, or partially resolve, their separate charge imbalances. Positive to positive and negative to negative ionic bonds do not occur. (For a real world analogy, experiment with a pair of bar magnets.)
Chemical compounds are rarely strictly ionic or strictly covalent. Except for the most electronegative/
electropositive pairs such as cesium fluoride, ionic compounds usually exhibit a degree of covalency. Similarly, covalent bond often exhibit charge separations. See also HSAB theory.
Physical properties of ionic and molecular compounds:{| class="wikitable"|-!! Ionic compounds! Molecular compounds|-| States (at RTP)| Solid| Can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature|-| Electrical conductivity| Solid: no
Molten: yes| No|-| Boiling point| High| Low|-| Solubility in water| Often high| Variable; usually lower than ionic|-| Thermal conductivity| Low| Low|}
Characteristics
Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic bonds between particles. As a result, they generally have high melting and boiling points. They have good electrical conductivity when molten or in aqueous solution. While ionic
inorganic compounds are solids at room temperature and will usually form crystals, organic ionic liquids are increasingly of interest.
Solubility
Following the aphorism, "like dissolves like", ionic compounds dissolve in
polar solvents, especially those which ionize, such as water and ionic liquids. They are usually appreciably soluble in other polar solvents such as
alcohols,
acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide as well. Ionic compounds tend not to dissolve in
nonpolar solvents such as
diethyl ether or
petrol.
When an ionic compound is named, the cation is named first and then the anion. When an elemental anion is named, the suffix, -ide, is added to the name of the element. There are two common types of cations: Type I and Type II. Type I cations have only one charge and their name is simply listed when the compound is named. Type II cations have more than one charge and when the ionic compound is named, a Roman numeral is used to denote the charge of the cation.In addition, there are common polyatomic anions which do not have suffixes in their name such as hypochlorite (ClO–).
Nomenclature
According to the
IUPAC, an ionic compound's common name is written using two words. The name of the cation comes first with the oxidation number written in parenthesis, followed by the name of the anion. For example, Fe2(SO4)3 is named as Iron(III) Sulfate.
Ionic compound - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. Usually, the positively charged portion consists of ...
BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Chemistry | Classifying Materials | Ionic ...
When metals react with non-metals, electrons are transferred from the metal atoms to the non-metal atoms, forming ions. The resulting compound is called an ionic compound.
BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Chemistry | Classifying Materials | Formulae of ...
You also need to be able to write down the correct formulae for simple ionic compounds. ... Formulae of ionic compounds. You also need to be able to write down the correct formulae ...
Ionic Compounds
Introduction: Those molecules that consist of charged ions with opposite charges are called IONIC. These ionic compounds are generally solids with high ...
CHEMystery: Atomic Structure and Bonding: Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds (more commonly known as salts) are formed when metals react with nonmetals. A common salt, table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed from a sodium ion, Na ...
CHEMystery: Atoms and Molecules: Ionic Compounds
Under some conditions, atoms of certain elements can transfer electrons between them when they form a compound. They are usually formed between metals and nonmetals.
ionic compound
Substance composed of oppositely charged ions ... Tiscali Quicklinks. Please visit our Accessibility Page for a list of the Access Keys you can use to find your way around the site ...
Ionic compounds - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Ionic ...
ionic compound. Substance composed of oppositely charged ions. All salts, most bases, and some acids are examples of ionic compounds. They possess the following general properties ...
Ionic Compound
Encyclopedia information on Ionic Compound ... Ionic Compound. An ion ic compound is one in which at least two of the elements or compounds in the group are oppositely-charged ions ...
Naming Ionic Compounds
A chemistry tutorial on naming ionic compounds suitable for high school students ... Summary. Positively charged ions are called cations; Negatively charged ions are called anions ...